Chromosomes play a key role in making sure DNA is copied and passed along during cell division. The cells in our bodies must constantly divide and produce new cells. Each parent passes on 22 autosomes and one sex chromosome to their offspring. The 23rd pair comprises the sex chromosomes. The first 22 pairs of chromosomes, called autosomes, are found in males and females. Each chromosome is made of DNA, and DNA is passed from parents to their children. Abnormal forearm bone morphology Abnormality of the ovary Aplasia/Hypoplasia of the nipples Cubitus valgus Delayed puberty Delayed skeletal maturation Enlarged thorax Female infertility Growth delay High urinary gonadotropin level Increased circulating gonadotropin level Increased upper to lower segment ratio Intrauterine growth retardation Osteopenia Osteoporosis Postnatal growth retardation Premature ovarian insufficiency Short neck Short stature Short sternum Wide intermamillary distance Abnormal dermatoglyphics Abnormal nonverbal communicative behavior Anxiety Aortic arch aneurysm Behavioral abnormality Broad neck Dermatoglyphic ridges abnormal Elevated hepatic transaminase Enlargement of the distal femoral epiphysis Failure to thrive in infancy Genu valgum Hashimoto thyroiditis Hearing impairment Hepatic steatosis High palate High, narrow palate Hypermobility of toe joints Hypertension Hypoplastic toenails Irregular proximal tibial epiphyses Kyphosis Low posterior hairline Low-set ears Micrognathia Neck pterygia Obesity Primary amenorrhea Recurrent otitis media Retrognathia Secondary amenorrhea Shield chest Short 4th metacarpal Short 5th metacarpal Specific learning disability Webbed neck Abnormal fingernail morphology Abnormality of the dentition Alopecia Aplasia/Hypoplasia of the mandible Atrial septal defect Attention deficit hyperactivity disorder Atypical scarring of skin Autoimmunity Bicuspid aortic valve Celiac disease Cholestatic liver disease Coarctation of aorta Cystic hygroma Delayed social development Depression Ectopic kidney Epicanthus External ear malformation Hepatic fibrosis Hip dysplasia Horseshoe kidney Hyperconvex fingernails Inverted nipples Madelung deformity Melanocytic nevus Myocardial infarction Myopia Nevus Numerous congenital melanocytic nevi Pectus excavatum Pes planus Ptosis Reduced bone mineral density Scoliosis Short toe Splayed toes Strabismus Thyroiditis Vitiligo Aortic dissection Arterial dissection Biliary cirrhosis Cirrhosis Gastrointestinal angiodysplasia Gastrointestinal inflammation Gonadoblastoma Hypoplastic left heart Inflammation of the large intestine Melanoma Neurodevelopmental delay Renal hypoplasia/aplasiaĬhromosomes are thread-like structures found inside the nucleus of human cells.
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